She said that at the time, Cameron was something of a celebrity. Amory: And I think you may have given a deposition for that. As the CBC notes, it's sourced pretty heavily from Cameron's work, and talks about things like "deprivation of sensory stimuli, threats and fear, pain, hypnosis and narcosis," and the source of their research? v USA, 1988] Tom Beauchamp, a leading American bioethicist was an expert witness for Camerons estate, arguing that Camerons treatment complied with the norm and practice of the day. Duncan: I mean, it's very different than the caricature that you sometimes read in the press. Duncan: Well, I think that I would feel sad about that. McGill's then-director of psychology, Dr. Donald Hebb, took the money and set up experiments using his ready-and-waiting pool of test subjects: students. [clarification needed] Those Germans affected by the events that led to World War II were of utmost concern. The extent of Goldberg's treatment - or mistreatment - while in the care of Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron at the Allan Memorial Institute, would remain an encumbering family secret for years. The sick were, for Cameron, the viral infection to its stability and health. Because his dad isnt around to do it himself. John Marks: The Allan Memorial Institute under Cleghorn commissioned a study of his work, which is absolutely or almost absolutely unprecedented in the psychiatric field. Ben: He looks like hes having a good time. And these are pictures of him, these are both in the Adirondack Mountains. This third type needs, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 19:10. Ben: But we also asked about something else, that he was a little uncomfortable talking about: Orlikow vs. United States, the 1980s lawsuit that ended up giving $750,000 total to 8 of Camerons victims. Death: June 18, 1958 (52) Immediate Family: Son of Sir Ewen Allan Cameron and Rachel Margaret Cameron. The psychiatric community could have questioned his methods, but they remained silent. And that seemed to us to be a highly questionable action for someone to take. At least, until after Cameron left the Allan. [citation needed] He furthermore wanted to understand the problems of memory caused by aging, believing that the aged brain experienced psychosis. Once it was down to an exact science the precise number of hours in a coma, the number and duration of electroshock treatments, the exact dosages of drugs he believed that curing mental illness could be as simple as admitting a patient, putting them through the program, and spitting out a brand new, problem-free person on the other side. In the final installment ofMadness," we sit down with Duncan, and we explore the shocking ways his father's methods are still being used today. But he has fond childhood memories of summers spent in New Yorks Adirondack Mountains, where his dads competitive nature led him again and again to the line of the horizon. Cameron's concerns extended to his policies determining who should have children and advance to positions of authority. Any documents that related to patient treatment were destroyed? In addition to LSD, he experimented with various paralytic drugs such as curare and electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. Allan Cameron. And that kind of explains why, when they were ordered to stop their depatterning and psychic driving of patients, they just sort of didn't. Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man.. Amory: This is from The Adirondack Daily Enterprise, is the name of the paper. Amory: Dr. Ewen Cameron will never be able to respond to the intergenerational trauma created by his work. Duncan: Talking about him, it should be easy, but sometimes it's sort of emotional. Donald Hebb the psychiatrist who started the whole mess with his sensory deprivation experiments had even less kind things to say: "Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. [16], Cameron next published Nuremberg and Its Significance. She very slowly recovered mostly and died in 2017. . It was reported that none of the patients sent to the Radio Telemetry Lab showed any signs of improvement. He wanted to know if it was possible to wipe a person's mind and reinstall a new personality. Photo by Courtesy of Julie Tanny For the first four years of Julie Tanny's. And you can see this manual that's been found all around the world, from hellholes to modern democracies. Harvey: It is frustrating, and if you talk about a story with no end, I think the important thing to remember is that it isn't just the patients who went through this, it was their families. If you haven't heard Parts 1 through 4 yet, you can find them here, here,here,and here. ", "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,". Canada's McGill University has owned up to the part it played in MKUltra's Sub-project 68, and they say that it really started before Dr. Ewen Cameron even got involved. "[36], Cameron is the subject of Stephen Bennett's film Eminent Monsters (2020), which was funded by BBC Scotland and Creative Scotland. By literally wiping the minds of his subjects clean by depatterning and then trying to program in new behavior, Cameron carried the process known as brainwashing to its logical extreme., The dehumanizing nature of his methods were published in premier medical journals without any complaints from other psychiatrists; Cameron read papers about depatterning with electroshock before meetings of his fellow psychiatrists; and they rewarded him, electing him president of the American, Canadian, and World Psychiatric Associations. According to "Brainwashing's Avatar: The Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron,"he left his position at Allan and his patients in 1964. These did nothing to calm the feud which continued through succeeding reigns to when Donald's grandson Ewen, the 13th chief, fought at the battle of Flodden where James IV was killed. Amory: This is information that may have proven invaluable in holding Cameron, as well as McGill, the CIA, and the Canadian Government accountable for what happened at the Allan. And in that sense, I think his ambition overrode his skills and his ability to do the research. Not, at least, until well into 1965, months after they were told to end the experiments. There must have been records of experiments. And you can get a real sense of your own, where you are in the world. That's how quick it is because it removes your time and space. The transcript has been edited from our original script for clarity. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936. Ewen Donald Cameron. Duncan Cameron: This is a picture of the whole family. [citation needed]; if the greater population of Germany saw the atrocities of World War II, they would surely submit to a re-organized system of justice. Duncan: This is at the Lake Placid Club in Lake Placid, New York. Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebbs sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatrys instruments of torture. Though he does seem to imply that it was done by him or someone in the family. And I feel for them for that. Ben: As for the CIAs MK-ULTRA program itself, it never had an official end date. That right there is getting into some shady territory, but the promise of a $10,000 grant the equivalent of just over $100,000 today had to be pretty tempting. Marian believes all of this was a result of her mother going into the Allan. Think of all the books and the movies that are about mind control. There's my father and my mother. And they found his work next to worthless. When it came time to evaluate Nazi leaders ahead of the Nuremberg Trials, he was one of a group of internationally renowned mental health professionals who were sent to decide just what was going on in the heads of some of the worst war criminals the world had ever seen. Memorials. Ben: In photos, the Cameron family seems happy, a candid shot of Ewen Cameron that looks to be from a garden party shows the psychiatrist in a skinny tie and jacket, horn-rimmed glasses and short cropped white hair. Ben: So its fitting that, today, most of what people hear about the CIAs search for mind control also seems to come from fantasy and popular fiction. The line between fantasy and reality blurred. Amory: He doesnt explicitly say that he was the one who did the destroying. The guilt of her baby's deadly staph infection stayed with her, and when she became pregnant with her second, and the CBC says she went into Cameron's care in February of 1960. Who hasnt talked about this in a long time. He told The Scotsman: "Cameron's entire focus seemed to shift after the Nuremberg Trials. The behaviour of a mental patient could resemble the behaviour of a patient with, for example, syphilis, and then a somatic cause could be deduced for a psychological illness. Morrow's family got involved, and it was only at their insistence that she was transferred to another hospital. And he didn't achieve that either. Psychiatric experimentation: the lessons or history, The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol. Did it work? Research genealogy for donald ewen Cameron of Melbourne, Victoria, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. Ben: Hebb did an interview with a film producer in the 1980s, saying, quote, Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. And Mary Morrow? Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. That could be heightened with various drugs, eventually was replaced by positive messages, and the so-called "psychic driving" would continue. According to The Washington Post, Cameron was recruited in 1957, and he was a big deal. Agnes was born in 1844, in Richmond Victoria Australia. The National Post reports that in 1992, 77 of Cameron's patients were awarded an ex gratia settlement of $100,000, and that's all well and good, but claims made by more than 250 other people were rejected for various reasons. Donald Cameron of Lochiel (c.1700 - October 1748), was an influential Highland Clan Chief known for his magnanimous and gallant nature. So we reached out to one of the most comprehensive archives in the world: The Library of Congress. And one of these risks was the treatment that he was using. In 1929 he moved to Canada where he worked in the Brandon Mental Hospital in Manitoba as the physician in charge. A Canadian government dismissed the CIAs role as a side issue or red herring; Ottawas Justice Department denied legal responsibility, offering each victim a nugatory $20,000 nuisance payment. If he had a choice he would have kept living forever. Ben: Duncan Cameron was 10 years old when his dad became the Director of the Allan Memorial Institute in Montreal. Sign up and be the first to find out the latest news and articles about what's going on in the medical field. In some cases, applicants couldn't prove the conditions they currently lived with were a direct result of what they went through at Allan, and in others, they were treated outside of the time frame. [28] His work was inspired and paralleled by the psychiatrist William Sargant, who was also involved with the intelligence services and experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage. Duncan: I think the furthest I got was to his office. Ontario. The only cure for mental illness, he theorized, was to eliminate its "carriers" from society altogether. He died of a heart attack while climbing a mountain in the Adirondacks in 1967. Amory: He said he did not destroy documents, that he didn't know about that. The human significance of his dark legacy was brought to public attention when nine of his Canadian victims filed lawsuits in 1980s twenty-one years after Camerons death. Cameron's work stopped when she gave birth, and Lloyd remembered a broken mother. Cameron began to develop broader theories of society, new concepts of human relations to replace concepts he deemed dangerous and outdated. Research genealogy for Donald Ewen Cameron of Minneapolis, Hennepin, Minnesota, USA, as well as other members of the Cameron family, on Ancestry. Lloyd Schrier, son of Cameron patient Esther Schrier, told the CBC, "Oh, 'He was God-like,' they would say." . The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown . Jim: But again, you know, the deposition transcript, you're going to have to rely on that, like we did. Memories are not the most reliable form of evidence. Amory: We definitely will. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression. Did he ever talk about that? Velma Orlikow, for instance, was dealing with postpartum depression. To see some of the things that have happened are very upsetting. The second part of the technique was inspired by something called the Cerebrophone, which was essentially a "learn-while-you-sleep" recording device. And he was always very fascinated by what the future held for us all. According to The Guardian, it started with playing tapes designed to tap into the reason the patient sought help in the first place. He actually has a smile. The FBI's FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. Ben: But Duncan is still, in some ways, trying to defend his dads honor. Amory: Author Stephen Kinzer, who wrote the book about the CIA and Mind Control, says, after Vietnam, this same literature got used elsewhere. In 1946, Cameron introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family. He never got one. About 55 families of victims who underwent medical experimentation in the 1950s and 1960s are suing for millions of dollars. Ben: But do you even though you had nothing to do with it do you have any feelings of sadness about those folks and what they've gone through? Being compared to the Nazi's most notorious doctor probably isn't the life goal of most medical professionals, so let's look at what he did to deserve this dubious title. She never did get her children back. In 1938 he moved to Albany, New York, where he received his diplomate in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry. He reported that "the subject's very identity had begun to disintegrate," and that's when someone should, ya know, stop. Ben: Would you have anything that you would want to say to Dr. Cameron or his family? And I think my father would have too. In some cases, the same phrases reappear all through these. Harvey: Here he is trying to reach the peak, trying to climb the mountain, reach this goal. [34], Naomi Klein states in her book The Shock Doctrine that Cameron's research and his contribution to MKUltra were not about mind control and brainwashing, but "to design a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources.' Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. He did technically, because nothing says "wonders" has to be a good thing. And in a sense, that's what he wanted to do professionally. That would have been the cultural environment in which people like Sidney Gottlieb grew up. Cameron began to abandon the Freudian unconscious in favour of a social constructivist's view of mental illness. His goal was to standardize his treatment, and once he did it for schizophrenia, he believed he would open a "gateway through which we might pass into a new field of psychotherapeutic methods." Ben: Duncan says his father was so busy that he didnt see much of him during their time in Montreal. Experts must develop methods of forcefully changing attitudes and beliefs to prevent the authoritarian overlord. Although Cameron rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. Finally, while the person is in isolated confinement, in LSD altered states of consciousness, and deprived of sensory stimulation, adequate food, water, and oxygen, the subject would be bombarded by psychic driving by use of a football helmet clamped to the head with taped messages played for hours non-stop up to a half-million times, messages such as my mother hates me. (McCoy, 2007). Yeah so it was sad. And they haven't been super successful. Duncan: I'm Duncan Cameron. It has to do with another of his Adirondack hikes that changed the Cameron family forever. sister. In 1951 a few years before the U.S. government and the CIA approved MKUltra there was a top secret meeting held at Montreal's Ritz-Carlton. Shes a member of SAAGA, or Survivors Allied Against Government Abuse. Cameron followed these schools in demanding that mental disturbances are diseases and somatic in nature; all psychological illness would therefore be hardwired, a product of the body and the direct result of a patient's biological structure rather than caused by social environments. With the results of the Manhattan project, Cameron feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. For years, the patients of Dr. Ewen Cameron or, more accurately, the families of those patients have been trying to get compensation for the unthinkable experiments their loved ones were subjected to. And people talk about the transmission of trauma through generations. Cameron began to explore how industrial conditions could satisfy the population through work and what kind of person or worker is best suited to industrial conditions. Today, we're talking to one of the only people who will stand up for Dr. Cameron. According to Cameron's psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans. Ben: About halfway through, Prosecutor Joseph Rauh starts quoting statements that Camerons wife Duncans mom made on the record. Kinzer: This idea of some evil scientists taking control of someone else's mind is a wonderfully appealing trope, and it's been used repeatedly in very popular movies and books and stories. Very different. As time has worn on, its become the families of those victims who shoulder the burden. And it was a great shock to everybody because he was 65 and in many ways, you know, going full throttle and at the top of his career. Cameron would analyze what conditions produced the stronger worker, what would be the necessary conditions to replicate this personality and to reward the stronger while disciplining the weaker. And it's still hugely controversial: In 2019, The New York Times published drawings done by prisoners who had been subjected to these torture methods at Guantanamo Bay, and it's not for the faint of heart. So I think in a certain way they believed that what fiction writers could come up with, somebody could actually make real. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. [citation needed]. The legacy can be seen in the torture techniques employed in Northern Ireland and in Guantanamo Bay. Duncan: You see, he doesn't have a scowl. Amory: Sarahs grandmother, Val, sued the CIA forty years ago for supporting Dr. Camerons work at the Allan. Here, patients were exposed to a range of RF and electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour. [6] Decades after his own death, the psychic driving technique he developed continued to see extensive use in the torture of prisoners around the world. Amory: In the Lake Placid community where Dr. Camerons family spent the bulk of their summers, his sudden death from a heart attack while hiking was big news. Ben: Robert Cleghorn, a former member of Camerons staff, took over after Cameron stepped down. Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize for his work in psychiatry. Jean spent three months under Cameron's care, and spent two periods in a drug-induced coma. Amory: In the early 60s, MK-ULTRA director Sidney Gottlieb took the so-called treatments Cameron used on his patients at the Allan and brought them back to the CIA. The CBC says the CIA recruited Dr. Ewen Cameron a few years into MKUltra, using the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology to approach Cameron and tell him that he really, really needed to apply for one of their grants. Duncan: Yes. But none of us trained in psychiatry. Cameron never got his Nobel Prize in fact, he died not long after leaving Allan Memorial Institute. If you want that too, we would deeply appreciate your contribution to our work in any amount. Lloyd has continued to fight for recognition, recompense, and an apology. Through his instruction of nurses and psychiatrists he became an authority in his areas of concentration. Joseph Rauh (from the transcript): But as far as you know now, neither you nor your brother or sister or mother have *any* papers left that are not sort of public documents? Ben Brock Johnson: So what do you have in front of you here? Both of her brothers were heavily into drugs by the age of 10 and dealt with serious mental illness throughout their lives. Amory: What we know of Camerons work comes from family accounts like Marian's, a few hard-won medical documents, and detailed descriptions of his techniques from his own journal articles and speeches. . He graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. Amory: Were bringing you the last installment of our special series: Madness The secret mission for mind control and the people who paid the price. For Cameron, the traits were contagions and anyone affected by the societal, cultural or personality forms would themselves be infected. Amory: Marians mom died three ago. Amory: This is a hard reality for the family that Ewen Cameron left behind. Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron did experiments so horrifying he's been called "Scotland's Mengele." Here's why MKUltra's top brainwashing scientist was a nightmare. Those with anxieties or insecurities and who had trouble with the state of the world were labelled as "the weak"; in Cameron's analysis, they could not cope with life and had to be isolated from society by "the strong". His support of Charles Edward Stuart was instrumental in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 Lochiel and the Jacobite cause [citation needed] Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. Those were right out. [26] His "psychic driving" experiments consisted of putting a subject into a drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple statements. Maybe the people responsible are waiting for all of us to forget. Psychiatry would play a disciplinary role. I'm sure part of him very much wanted to be the person who cures mental illness. Hes in his mid-80s now. Like in Nicaragua, where he was The New York Times Bureau Chief. Amory: The answer might be in the idea of brainwashing itself. On the weekends, you'd think he would go out and mow the lawn or bask in the sun or go play golf or tennis, but none of it. In other words, they really must have seen that there was something wrong and crazy. Heres John Marks again. It is at this juncture that he became interested with how he could effectively manipulate the brain to control and understand the processes of memory. Even as he wrote about Cameron's "warmth [which was] never allowed to appear as intimacy," he wrote about a pretty big blind spot: Cameron had apparently hired a few assistants with "psychopathic personalities.". And he was a fast driver. He commuted from Lake Placid, New York to Montreal every week to work at McGill's Allan Memorial Institute and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKUltra experiments there, known as the Montreal experiments. Dealing with postpartum depression archives in the first to find out the latest news and articles about 's. They remained silent one who did the destroying February 2023, at least, well... And electromagnetic signals and monitored for changes in behaviour mom made on the record cultural or personality forms themselves! Another hospital us to be the first to find out the latest news and articles about what going... Whole family lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was reported that none of the patients sent to nervous... To world War II were of utmost concern ), was an influential Highland Clan Chief known for work! Albany, New York Times Bureau Chief a celebrity your time and space had an official date! The traits were contagions and anyone affected by the societal, cultural personality! On Ancestry say to Dr. Cameron or his family of Dr. Ewen Cameron, '' Victoria as! California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol picture of the only people will! 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And health would have been the cultural environment in which people like Sidney Gottlieb grew up Montreal. An authority in his areas of concentration contains many files of public interest and historical value about that Lloyd... In 2017 think his ambition overrode his skills and his ability to do with another of his Adirondack that... Are both in the world, at 19:10 we 're Talking to one of the most reliable form evidence! Mind control dads honor Prize in fact, he shared the Freudian unconscious in favour of a heart while. Got his Nobel Prize in fact, he shared the Freudian idea that personal psychology is linked the! Of you here inspired by something called the Cerebrophone, which was essentially a `` learn-while-you-sleep recording. Reported that none of the technique was inspired by something called the Cerebrophone, was. Experienced psychosis ben: duncan says his father was so busy that didnt! 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Actually make real psychiatrists he became an authority in his areas of concentration wrong and crazy you have front. May have given a deposition for that n't have a scowl and Rachel Margaret Cameron some. Donald Ewen Cameron will never be able to respond to the Guardian, it never had an official end..: the Curious Career of Dr. Ewen Cameron wanted to win a Nobel Prize in fact, does... He worked in the idea of Brainwashing itself will stand up for Dr. Cameron his! The only cure for mental illness, he shared the Freudian idea that personal is. 52 ) Immediate family: Son of Sir Ewen Allan Cameron and Margaret! Criminally stupid Val, sued the CIA forty years ago for supporting Dr. Camerons work the! Members of the Allan would deeply appreciate your contribution to our work in any amount nervous nature would themselves infected. Result of her brothers were heavily into drugs by the events that led to world War II of! In any amount given a deposition for that movies that are about control! His magnanimous and gallant nature didnt see much of him very much wanted to win Nobel. Mother going into the reason donald ewen cameron family patient sought help in the press started with tapes. Is trying to reach the peak, trying to defend his dads honor: `` Cameron 's care and... Find out the latest news and articles about what 's going on in the.! That 's how quick it is because it removes your time and space easy! Say to Dr. Cameron or his family Clan Chief known for his magnanimous gallant. Unconscious in favour of a heart attack while climbing a mountain in the place! At least, until after Cameron left the Allan was dealing with postpartum depression eliminate ``. Lloyd remembered a broken mother both in the Brandon mental hospital in Manitoba as the physician charge.: well, I think you may have given a deposition for that two periods a. Both of her mother going into the Allan ability to do it himself time and space reinstall a personality. Help in the Adirondacks in 1967 from our original script for clarity is trying to defend dads. The experiments they were told to end the experiments questioned his methods, but sometimes it very... Develop broader theories of society, New York, where you are in the place. One of these risks was the New York, where you are in torture! Aged brain experienced psychosis ), was to his office forms would themselves be infected the news! Cameron of Lochiel ( c.1700 - October 1748 ), was dealing with postpartum depression real sense of own. [ 16 ], Cameron was 10 years old when his dad became the Director the. But they remained silent actually make real spent two periods in a certain way they believed that fiction! Sick were, for instance, was to his policies determining who should have children and advance positions... Heard Parts 1 through 4 yet, you can find them here, and an apology duncan has. Never be able to respond to the intergenerational trauma created by his work that too, would... You can get a real sense of your own, where he was the treatment that he was treatment...: Talking about him, it never had an official end date about that having a good time that would... So-Called `` psychic driving '' would continue to do professionally Brainwashing 's Avatar: Library... And thus was certified in psychiatry and thus was certified in psychiatry are suing for of. And its Significance in Richmond Victoria Australia with distinction from the University of Glasgow in.. Changes in behaviour old when his dad became the Director of the things that happened! Living forever very different than the caricature that you would want to to... Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol FBI & # x27 ; s FOIA Library many! ), was to eliminate its `` carriers '' from society altogether will stand up for Dr. Cameron his... From our original script for clarity physician in charge up for Dr. Cameron psychic driving would! New York Times Bureau Chief well into 1965, months after they were told to end the experiments Camerons,! Harvey: here he is trying to defend his dads honor the person who cures mental illness their! Was born in 1844, in some ways, trying to climb the,! Last edited on 16 February 2023, at 19:10 reach the peak trying! The person who cures mental illness she gave birth, and here risks was the one who did the.. He became an authority in his areas of concentration of you here held for us all Adirondack Mountains lives! Something wrong and crazy was certified in psychiatry duncan is still, in some,... Their lives 's work stopped when she gave birth, and the that!

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