U.S. CORRECTION (Sept. 21, 2020): An update to the methodology used to tabulate figures in the chartAmong new immigrant arrivals, Asians outnumber Hispanicshas changed all figures from 2001 and 2012. (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax This final section examines how respondents relate to the Indian American community. Using data from the US Census Bureau, we found the country that was the most common birthplace for foreign-born residents in each state (excluding Mexico, which was the most common country of birth for immigrants in 32 states). Thirty percent of Congress supporters are not comfortable having close friends who support the BJP; this is double the share of BJP supporters who are uncomfortable having close friends who are Congress supporters. 5 Devesh Kapur and Jashan Bajwa, A Study of Poverty in the Indian American Population, Johns Hopkins-SAIS, October 2020, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qCf6RE2L2FpvA6mny2Y_Xtof_zdJpFdC/view. Foreign-born Indian Americans are much more likely to commemorate Diwali, Holi, and Indian Independence Day than respondents born in the United States. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. In fact, that is precisely what the data suggest (see figure 10). This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. What are the social realities and lived experiences of Indian Americans? Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). Migration Policy Institute tabulation of data from theU.S. Census Bureau's pooled 2009-2013American Community Survey. This finding tracks with other studies of immigrant communities.37. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. Indian Americans are the second-largest immigrant group in the United States. The US is a nation of immigrants from all around the world. Indeed, the survey finds that in counties with more Indian American households, respondents are significantly more likely to say their social networks are dominated by fellow Indian Americans (see figure 17).39 This effect appears to be roughly linear, although there is a steep rise once more than 5 percent of households in a county are Indian American. There is surprisingly little systematic data about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans experience. In the last few years, there has been much greater recognition of the discrimination faced by minority groups in the United States. The remaining 23 percent of the sample consists of immigrants residing in the United States who do not hold U.S. citizenship. As the profile of the Indian American community has grown, so too has its economic, political, and social influence. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program and the host of the Grand Tamasha podcast at Carnegie, where he focuses on India's political economy, governance, state capacity, distributive politics, and electoral behavior. Some 47% of immigrants living in the U.S. five years or less are proficient. True False True The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). Second, while respondents suggest Indians hold somewhat greater responsibility for engaging in discriminatory practices along religion and gender lines, here too they point mainly to non-Indians or a combination of Indians and non-Indians as primary sources of discrimination. These are not merely academic questions. The data suggest that discrimination based on skin color is the most common form of bias: 30 percent of respondents report feeling discriminated against due to the color of their skin. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . Self-identification also varies by religion. Around 337,000 immigrants were deported from the U.S. in fiscal 2018, up since 2017. Thirty percent of non-citizen IAAS respondents possess a green card (or a permanent residency card), which places them on a pathway to gaining U.S. citizenship. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. Respondents who support neither the BJP nor the Congresslisted as Otherappear more favorably inclined toward the Congress. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. In eight states, Canadian immigrants made up the second-largest group, and in four states, the second-most common country of origin was the Philippines. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. Just 24 percent of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years identify as Indian American, compared to 41 percent of those who have been here for eleven to twenty-five years and 53 percent of those who have been here for more than twenty-five years. In fiscal 2019, apprehensions of Central Americans at the border exceeded those of Mexicans for the fourth consecutive year. Another way of examining respondents regional connections in India is to look at their linguistic backgrounds. As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. The examination of partisanship, in turn, further distinguishes between partisan support in India and in the United States.43. Overall, one-third of respondents report membership in an Indian American organization. We would also like to acknowledge Amy Mellon for contributing her considerable graphic design talents. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. Finally, respondents born in the United States are also significantly more likely to report that they have a spouse or partner who is not of Indian origin: 29 percent of U.S.-born respondents compared to just 15 percent of foreign-born respondents. Questions that measure social distance are often used to understand the salience of group identity and perceptions of group hierarchy, and as a basis of prediction of inter-group prejudice. South America South Central Asia South Eastern Asia Western Asia Alabama Immigrants U.S. born Mexico Guatemala India China/HK Korea Germany Vietnam Philippines United Kingdom Canada Honduras Jamaica Japan Colombia El Salvador Immigrants 20K 40K 60K Mapbox OSM Top 15 countries of birth Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. At the other end of the spectrum, 24 percent of foreign-born respondents feel more Indian than American, a sentiment shared by just 11 percent of their U.S.-born counterparts. While we are grateful to all of our collaborators, any errors found in this study are entirely the authors. For instance, it is plausible that Indian Americans born in the United States would place less emphasis on their Indian-ness than their counterparts who immigrated. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. The survey asks respondents to identify the primary language (other than English) spoken by their mothera narrow, literal definition of the concept of ones mother tongue. By tidal93341. 45 Carroll Doherty, Which Party is More to Blame for Political Polarization? The IAAS draws on a series of questions adapted from the political science literature in order to measure inter-group social distance in the Indian American community.42 Namely, the survey explores how Indian Americans feel about having close interactions with out-group members along two prominent cleavages: those who are of a different religion, or who carry a different partisan affiliation. However, duration of stay remains significant. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. In 2018, immigrants were over three times as likely as the U.S. born to have not completed high school (27% vs. 8%). The major findings are briefly summarized below. Forty-seven percent of Hindu respondents report identifying with a caste, which means the majority (53 percent) said that they do not personally identify with a caste group of any kind. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. The immigrant population in the United States is extraordinarily diverse, with immigrants hailing from almost every nation. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. The surveys initial question on whether respondents personally identify with a caste grouping is restricted to respondents who identify with Hinduism (and make up slightly more than half of the IAAS sample), where caste categories are reasonably well-defined.30 However, broader questions regarding the role that caste plays in social networks (discussed later) are asked of all respondents. Thirty-six percent say they are somewhat comfortable and 10 percent say they are not comfortable at all. In terms of educational attainment, 48 percent of Hindus with an undergraduate education profess a caste identify compared to 43 percent with less than a four-year college degree. My dad and mom told my brother and me that we came to America to be Americans. Ohio was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and 42,227 children who were immigrants. The US Census Bureau's American Community Survey asks millions of people every year detailed questions about their social, economic, and demographic situations. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. Online panels are not the same as traditional, probability-based surveys. She holds a PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. The Asian population in the United States has nearly doubled since 2000, and Asians are projected to be the nation's largest immigrant group by the middle of the century, according to a new. It is worth pointing out that nearly one-third (32 percent) of respondents report not engaging in any of the civic or political activities listed on the survey. For instance, do respondents feel more Indian than American, more American than Indian, equally Indian and American, or neither Indian nor American? It appears that respondents social networks are more homogenous in terms of religion than either region or caste. This study utilizes a new source of empirical data to better understand the social realities of people of Indian origin residing in the United States. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. U.S. Census data affirm that Indian Americans enjoy a standard of living that is roughly double that of the median American household, underpinned by substantially greater educational attainmentthe share of Indian Americans with at least a bachelors degree is twice the national average.4 However, these aggregate figures mask severe inequalities within the community. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 9, 2021, https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/02/09/how-do-indian-americans-view-india-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-83800. In many ways, the community is often portrayed as the poster child of Americas historic opening to new immigrants whoin ways big and smallhave transformed the country. However, the study is not based on a representative sample, raising questions about the generalizability of its findings.29. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. Meanwhile, there was a rise in the number from Central America and Asia. The 1965 Immigration Act allowed large numbers of Koreans to immigrate to the United States, a pattern which has continued to present day. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). Asian immigrants collectively comprised 28%, FBI Accused of Covering Up Buried Treasure. While the majority are immigrants, a rising share is born and raised in the United States. In the same exchange, Biden later added: One of the reasons why were such an incredible country is were such a diverse country. Today, one in five Minnesota children is the child of an immigrant. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! The key takeaway is that Republicans are more comfortable having close friends who are Democrats than the converse (see figure 23). To a certain extent, however, many of these factors are inseparable. Relatively few Indian Americans across the board report contacting an elected representative or other government official: 15 percent of U.S.-born citizens, 11 percent of foreign-born citizens, and 9 percent of non-citizens engaged in this class of activities. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. The IAAS survey first asks respondents if they think discrimination against people of Indian origin is a major problem. The top countries of origin for immigrants were the Dominican Republic (11 percent of immigrants), China (9 percent), Mexico (5 percent), Jamaica (5 percent), and India (4 percent). Fifty percent of respondents who have been in the United States for ten years or less say that being Indian is very important to their identity, compared to 42 percent for those who have been in the United States for more than twenty-five years. The objective of this inquiry is to assess to what extent Indian Americans associate with other Indian Americans relative to those from outside the community. These patterns break down quite differently by religion, however (see figure 8). Since 1975, Koreans have ranked among the top 5 groups of . There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. You guys are incredible.1, While some in the media interpreted Bidens off-the-cuff remark as an unfortunate gaffe, others viewed it as affirmation of the growing influence of the Indian American diaspora. In 2017, 45% were naturalized U.S. citizens. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories. The data described below unambiguously reveal a high degree of polarization, although its structure is asymmetric. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. 55 For an accessible introduction to this survey method, see Courtney Kennedy et al., Evaluating Online Nonprobability Surveys, Pew Research Center, May 2, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/methods/2016/05/02/evaluating-online-nonprobability-surveys/. Using data from the U.S. Census Bureau, Business Insider identified the country of origin of the largest group of foreign-born residents in each state. As one might expect, first-generation (foreign-born) and second-generation (U.S.-born) respondents approach this question differently (see figure 12). (Respondents can select multiple choices from a preselected menu of options, so the percentages in the figure do not add up to 100.). It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. Figure 14 disaggregates the results by place of birth and citizenship status. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. These numbers are actually a lower bound of Indian Americans educational attainment. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. Figure 30 provides the geographic distribution of survey respondents by state of residence. 49 Although sample sizes are extremely small, it does seem that Hindu respondents who affirmatively identify with a caste are more likely to report discrimination on the basis of caste. Among Republicans and Republican-leaning independents, 41% say immigrants strengthen the country, while 44% say they burden it. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? Mexico was the most often mentioned birthplace among respondents in 32 states who indicated they were born outside of the U.S. More than 11 million immigrants, or nearly 25% of all immigrants in the U.S., come from Mexico. These findings raise two questions worthy of further exploration: Why does political polarization among Indian Americans differ from that characterizing Americans at large? Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Another 6 percent were born in either Bangladesh or Pakistan. The decline in the unauthorized immigrant population is due largely to a fall in the number from Mexico the single largest group of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). Hindus are also more likely than Muslims or Christians to state that they pray a few times a month, seldom, or never.27, Finally, the survey explores the issue of caste. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. . The interactive map below visualizes all of them based on their prior country of residence. The surveys findings are notable in this regard because previous research on polarization among the American general public has generally found that Republicans, not Democrats, possess greater antipathy toward members of the other party.45. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. The balance (around 7 percent) consists of less frequently listed languages, ranging from Sindhi to Santali. This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. In all, 52 percent of Indians in America completed their education in the United States. Many states have large immigrant populations from India. Give Orange. Despite being one of the largest immigrant groups in the United States, Americans of Indian descent were barely represented in politics. Report this user for behavior that violates our Community Guidelines. For 32 states, the most common country of birth among respondents who said they were born outside the US was Mexico. According to IAAS data, 54 percent of respondents report belonging to the Hindu faith (see figure 6). North Dakota made the list in 1890 and 1900. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. Respectively ) about the everyday social realities that Indian Americans educational attainment our collaborators, any errors in... The geographic distribution of Survey respondents by state of residence continued to Day. Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents percent were born in U.S.! 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